![]() ![]() It is important to remember that individual results will vary with caffeine consumption. This form of caffeine is isn't actually used in over the counter (OTC) supplements but rather as a medication to open airways and improve breathing for patients in need. This unique combination prolongs its absorption and half-life allowing the caffeine to have a more sustained effect without the crash.Ĭaffeine Citrate – Caffeine citrate consists of caffeine and two other compounds – citric acid monohydrate and sodium citrate dihydrate, in a 2 – 1 – 1 ratio. However, it is generally considered safe and as effective as standard caffeine.Ĭaffeine Pterostilbene Co-Crystal – This form of caffeine is a patented form of caffeine combined with the antioxidant pterostilbene. ![]() This is done to prevent upset stomach, prevent the "crash" associated with "regular" caffeine, and malic acid itself has some additional benefits associated with it including increased endurance and energy production.įew clinical studies have looked at dicaffeine malate's safety and effectiveness, so it is suggest to use with a bit of caution. These types of caffeine anhydrous usually appear as either dicaffeine malate, caffeine citrate, or caffeine pterostilbene co-crystal.ĭicaffeine Malate – Dicaffeine malate consists of two caffeine molecules conjoined to a malic acid molecule. ![]() Again, these include tablets, capsules, gums, gels, and liquids.Īpart from these, caffeine anhydrous is also used in small doses as an ingredient in a variety of other supplements. Lastly, caffeine may also have other cellular mechanisms such as impacting calcium kinetics and increasing sodium/potassium ATPase activity, but again, more studies need to be done to verify these findings ( 4).Īnhydrous caffeine, after the removal of water and other components, usually appears in a white crystalline powdered form.įor easier dosage calculation, safety, and convenience, this powdered form is usually converted to other forms. There is also some evidence that caffeine increases the amount of other neurotransmitters in the central nervous system (CNS) like serotonin and catecholamines such as dopamine, but more studies in need to be done in humans to determine how significant this effect is ( 3). The major and most well studied mechanism of caffeine is its ability to inhibit certain adenosine receptors in the brain.Īdenosine, a neurotransmitter, is mainly responsible for causing feelings of tiredness and fatigue. There are other ways that caffeine affects the body, specifically within the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which will be discussed later on in this article. It is not technically a stimulant, but is indirectly stimulating to the brain because it promotes wakefulness and increased energy. Caffeine's most well known effect is its ability to reduce the feeling of fatigue. ![]()
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